Since CRIME is committed in a particular space, place-related factors can play roles in creating the potential CRIMEs to be committed. Therefore, the issue of environmental prevention through planning and environmental design can lead to decrease of CRIME and offence problems in URBAN places. While, individual criminals found less opportunity to do offensive behavior in places that are planned and design by this purpose, it is possible to prevent criminal act in URBAN places and spaces by reducing the encouraging conditions to commit CRIMEs in URBAN spaces. The relationship between environ- mental and site-specific characteristics of the affected locations were considered so that the role of these characteristics in CRIME can be determined in the formulation of prevention programs and the creation of safe URBAN spaces. In tum, these achievements can be applied in compiling codes of URBAN planning and design. The approach of the study was based on the scientific research method- ology of R. Quivy and LV. Comenhoudt introduced in their book "Manual de Recherché en Science Socials". Hypotheses and indicators were com- piled from observations and comparat1ve analyses of those URBAN spaces that are most often the sites of CRIME. The data provided the basis for strategic recommendations regarding URBAN planning and environmental design aimed at preventing CRIME. The theoretical background of this issue can be traced to URBAN Ecology studies, which have pro­ vided a scientific framework for recognizing reciprocal relations between humans and their environment. In 1971, following publication of the article "CRIME Prevention through Environmental Design" by C.R. Jeffery, an important turning point came about in studying social abnormalities and CRIMEs. Prior to this article, the dominant viewpoint in criminology was the study of CRIME itself. However Jeffery's ideas led to the consideration of CPTED as a methodology that could be implemented by URBAN planners, designers, and architects. In this framework, suitable and objective design in human­ built environment would reduce the feeling of insecurity in places by removing opportunities for CRIME, and thus improving the quality of life of cityresi­ dents and visitors. This approach was furthered by other authors, such as Elizabeth Wood, S. Angel, Oscar Newman, Alice Coleman, J. Wilson, and D. Hillier. According to the findings of this study (in the twelve sampled space city of Tehran), the paradigms of environmental planning can be nomi­nated as the "invisible hand" of URBAN planning and design that can play an important role in the provi­sion of safety and in preventing CRIME and other forms of social degradation. The results of this study were lead to introduce and establish new regulations for URBAN planners in High Committee on Architecture and URBAN Planning (Ministry of Housing and URBAN Development). By the way, this article is a part of a research program in 2006 that was entitled as "Compiling Environmental Codes to Prevent Criminal Action in URBAN Spaces", carried out in conjunction with the Iranian Center for Architecture and URBAN Studies and Research, according to the recommendation of the High Council of Iranian Architecture and URBAN Planning.

Security and social problems such as CRIME and violence have always been discussed in URBAN societies as an important phenomenon. Since the past, security has been a very important issue in life and societies, and lack of security has always disrupted the process of life. Given the expansion of URBANization and the prevalence of social insecurity in cities, it becomes necessary to find a solution to enhance security. The aim of the research is to identify the factors affecting the inefficiency of the context and space of the Niayesh town of Bushehr and to provide appropriate solutions to prevent CRIME. Method: This research is applied in terms of purpose and analytical in terms of method. The data collection method was through document studies from databases such as the police department and the police force. Then, the questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS software and the results were presented in the form of a CRIME table with its factors and impacts. Findings: The research findings indicate that the Niayesh town does not have sufficient security in dealing with CRIME and it is necessary to take the necessary measures in this regard so that all segments of the population living in the town can be secured. Conclusion: Based on the results obtained from the first statistical test conducted using the one-sample t-test, it can be concluded that there is a relationship between the rate of CRIME, it's occurrence and the lack of proper lighting in the neighborhood. Based on the results of the second hypothesis test conducted using the one-variable ttest, it can be stated that abandoned lands and buildings harm the security of the Niayesh town.

Objective: This article investigates the relationship between CRIME and barbarism with sense safety. The hypotheses were built on Jacobs and Zukin's theories, in this way: Barbarism has more effect on people feeling about safety and symbolic access; and presence of people can increase the feeling of safety. Method: The research is a testing theory one and Analysis is based on Kernel density and Chi-Square test in Cross tab. Sample size is 364 and the procedure of sampling is clustering, by 14URBAN spaces as clusters.Findings & Results: There is no strong relationship between CRIME, Barbarism and sense of safety; but CRIME has effective role on presence of people in URBAN spaces. The results of research do not support Jacobs's theory about the more importance role of barbarism, but they support Hiller's theory about decreasing of safety by most high levels of activity and presence of people.

A safe secure environment is just as essential as other human needs such as food, hygiene and shelter. The feeling of insecurity will not only adversely affect human activity, but also will impede socio-economic and cultural activities of the society. Social disorder and URBAN CRIME are among the mail factors in creating a feeling of insecurity in the URBAN environment. This article is an introduction to theoretical methods of CRIME prevention using planning techniques. The results of this study show that 'modifications in URBAN physical environment' may help prevent CRIME and criminal acts.

Migration is one of the important social problems in Tehran. The article is to study negative effects of URBAN ecology on seasonal migrant youth’ s tendency to CRIME and high risk behavior in Tehran. The theory framework is based on URBAN ecology of Chicago school and the research method is survey (questionnaire). Statistical population is all seasonal migrant youth that are living in Tehran temporarily. The descriptive findings showed that smoking, hookah and addiction are more common among seasonal migrant youth. According to the results, the differential association and social alienation with a correlation coefficient of ٠ /٦ ٧ ٦ and ٠ /٥ ٩ ٣ are of the strongest relation with the degree of vulnerability of seasonal migrant youth. The regression results indicated that independent variables explain ٦ ٢ percent of the variance of ٢ ٤ dependent variable as tendency of seasonal migrant workers to CRIME and high risk behavior. The findings of this research can be effective in reducing the CRIMEs of migrant youth.

URBAN areas are the main centers of economic, social and political growth in any country that have proven themselves to be the most attractive places for wealth, work, creativity and innovation. URBAN areas are the main centers of economic, social and political growth in any country that has proven to be the most attractive places to create wealth, work, creativity, and innovation. But some URBAN areas face major challenges in terms of physical and environmental degradation, social exclusion, insecurity, unemployment, economic inequalities, housing shortages and traffic, which greatly reduce the quality of URBAN life. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the spatial analysis of massive neighborhoods in the Islamshahr city. The purpose of the present study is of applied type and is descriptive-analytic in terms of its method. For this research, the case study strategy has been used. The methods for collecting information are in both the library (documentary) and the field. The results of the analysis indicate that the northern neighborhoods, which originated and formulated the city, have over time become exhausted and have been the focus of the formation of numerous CRIMEs such as car theft, theft of household goods and drug traffickers. This has caused fear and fear in the people of this area, especially in neighborhoods of 1, 3 and 4.

The change in spatial development patterns from agriculture life into industry and then, service sector, and in response, changes in spatial paradigms of settlement and development, has led to concentration of population and resources of development in cities and mega cities. This concentration is followed by contradictions and conflicts in interests and behavior which can be a contextual preparation for CRIME along with making improvement in higher degrees of quality in life, especially when physical development of city lacks a comprehensive spatial planning. Thus, this research aimed to study CRIME patterns and its spatial analysis in URBAN and peri-URBAN areas and their application URBAN planning. On a descriptive-analytical approach and by applying meta-synthesis, it investigates prior research articles on related domain. Results show that factors such as population density and social ecology can prepare opportunities for CRIME, but different communities respond to such opportunities in different patterns. Comparing results within Iranian cities to other global locations made it clear that the research on patterns of CRIMEs in Iranian cities is distinct from foreign countries’ cities both in terms of form and content. The results and conclusions of this article can be used by URBAN planners and managers in formulation and implementation of spatial plans and policies especially for high-risk areas.

The present paper is an attempt to depict a picture of the condition of CRIME-prone places of Golestan Province, with emphasis on URBAN areas. The garnered data through survey and documents were given to the GIS and the CRIMEs at the town, city and province levels were analyzed by using the following software programs: ArcGIS 9.2; 3D Analyst, and CRIME Analysis. The findings of the research indicate that among the CRIMEs studied theft and suicide have the highest frequency rate in Gorgan and Gonbad Kavoos, two great cities of the province. Also drug trafficking, suicide, murder and theft have the highest frequency rates in the cities of the province, but the rate of frequency in each city differs depending on the structure, social and economic features of the city. The dispersion of the CRIME-prone places, particularly in the URBAN areas, is in conformity with some of the theories offered in this field, including that of Durkheim who maintains that there is a relationship between increase in the number of CRIMEs and population growth in the cities. The findings are also in congruence with the theories of George King and James Que who maintain that the demolished URBAN places and debris are effective in the occurrence of CRIME and disorder in the cities. Likewise the findings fall within the framework of Hall's theory who emphasizes on the relationship between population growth and expansion of URBANization with increase in the rate of CRIMEs. The findings can be analyzed within the framework of several theories.

AB-Boshghabi (Centella asiatica) from Apiaceae family, has been used as a traditional herbal medicine in Asiatic countries for hundreds of years.This plant is indigenous to the warmer regions of both hemispheres, including southeast Africa, Asia, Srilanka, the Pacific Islands, Madagascar, Eastern South America, Venezuela, Columbia. It is especially abundant in the swampy areas of India, Iran (around the Anzali lagoon), and Pakistan, Upto an altitude of approximately 700m.This hygrophyte plant is considered as a "vulnerable species" in the Red data book of plant species of Iran. This valuable hygrophyte species has a definitely exclusive habitat around the Anzali lagoon. The major principles are the triterpenes asiatic acid and madecassic acid, and their derived triterpene ester glycosides, asiaticoside and madecassoside.The major clinical indications for the use of centella asiatica in human include the treatment of wounds, venous insufficiency of the limbs, Certain mycobacterial infections and cellulitus. In the present article, we review mainly medicinal aspect of Centella asiatica that hitherto has not received much attention.